Privacy And Surveillance In It Free Essays

The improvement in Information Technology (IT) assumes a significant job in the more noteworthy cooperation and correspondence of individuals in different pieces of the globe. During the procedure of correspondence, the trading of individual data couldn't be forestalled among individuals. In any case, this sort of movement additionally undermine the security of individuals on the grounds that the rise of the Internet and other mechanical devices have made it conceivable to have simple access to data even the ones that are consider as private. We will compose a custom article test on Protection And Surveillance In It or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Being the situation, it is significant that protection and reconnaissance in IT is given due consideration. Security is characterized as â€Å" . . . he intrigue that people have in continuing an individual space, liberated from obstruction by others and organizations† (Clarke, 1999). By the by, as indicated by Brock Meeks (1999) the security of individuals during this data age is being â€Å"eaten away† and is as of now dead in light of the different implies that could be utilized so as to encroach upon it. The internet is attacking the security of people and this could be seen through spam, treats, and the clickstream. In any case, there are likewise intrusion of protection that could be unfavorable to the security of an individual like the constant individual area advancements (Clarke, 1999). Moreover, moral issues have additionally developed in the trading of data and correspondence of individuals particularly in the working environment. Representatives are expecting their protection would be regarded in the messages that they trade with others however this is now and then not fulfilled on account of the need of the organization to control and screen the progression of data in the working environment (Weisband and Reinig, 1995). Accordingly, this has gotten one of the most discussed moral just as lawful issues that should be tended to. Individual data protection is simply the capacity to control data is getting more significant than any time in recent memory (Millberg et. al, 1995). Comparable to this, there are a few preventive measures and laws that could be actualized so as to secure the protection of people. A portion of the projects that ensure the security of individuals in connection with the utilization of the Internet are: the Privacy Preference Project (P3P) which is a straightforward computerized method of controlling the utilization of individual data on sites, record encryption, firewalls, and access control frameworks (Quinn, 2005). The Australian government has its Australian Privacy Act that is chiefly dependable in controlling security matters in the nation (Australian Privacy Foundation, 2009). In addition, observation of the progression of data in the working environment and different associations is as yet begging to be proven wrong yet it is to be sure useful in ensuring the protection of individuals against the individuals who might need to approach of their own data. In any case, observation in IT ought to likewise be capably utilized for security purposes just and not to make hurt others. The most effective method to refer to Privacy And Surveillance In It, Papers

Womens Day Essay Example for Free

Womens Day Essay Have you at any point given an idea that for what reason is the International Women Day Celebrated for? No? Don't sweat it. Continue perusing as it’s proceeding. Do you know when the principal International Women Day appeared? Only 101 years prior. You should think why would that be? So listen the ladies didn't had a similar right as these days. They were significantly being a survivor of savagery, they were the principle casualty of destitution and absence of instruction, and they had no rights by any stretch of the imagination, not by any means an option to cast a ballot would you be able to envision that? The ladies were considered as a minority in each part of life than men. Don’t you believe that wasn't right? You’re 100% right. These contemplations turned into the fundamental explanation behind Women to battle for their privileges when they filled in as group to fight for their excursion towards correspondence between the two sexual orientations. Where did I go on International Women Day? eighth March is the official date to praise this intriguing day all around various countries so why you can even envision me sitting home and viewing t.v. As a young ladies myself I went to a motivating course on eighth March 2013 (International Women’s Day) at Olswang, London. The structure was actually a delightful bit of workmanship however they didn’t permit us to snap a picture inside (Bad karma). We were given an ID identification as security purposes and we followed staff towards the gathering room with situated splendid and fruitful ladies who looked wonderful also and not to overlook not many men were situated there too. Up to this point you might be thinking now it’s going to be exhausting right? Not so much! What was energizing about the day? It wasn’t actually a gathering or a talk. We began with a mouth-watering assortment of bites and beverages and sat on our allocated seats with other school and school understudies. To give a side kick to the convention among the gathering individuals they relegated each table with a test of building the most elevated pinnacle with the marshmallows and the bamboo sticks. My partners began with blasting vitality by pouring beverage on the table. We didn’t won however had some good times in it. The Guest speakers that came there were all gifted and they shared their brilliant experience of life and the hard works that they went however to get fruitful yet interestingly, they all were extremely cheerful and fulfilled in their lives. They all have a place with various fields for example police, specialist, media, enrollment division, banking and significantly more. There words and the manner in which they introduced it was persuasive and it gave me a capacity to go past the cutoff points, contact the sky and make the best of both world. That’s how this excellent day wound up with some open talk with one another on a cuppa and treats. We additionally got goodie sacks exceptionally chose for Women. Continuously Remember in Mind: There isn’t any minority or larger part as in sex in the event that you don’t concur, at that point sad to report however you have to fix those lose screws buddy. There isn’t anything that the Women can’t do. You simply need to figure out how to locate your inward potential and need to trust in yourself since you are simply the world.

5 Essential Tips for Aspiring Graphic Designers

5 Essential Tips for Aspiring Graphic Designers For creative types who enjoy making visual art, a career in graphic design makes sense. It offers the opportunity to combine work with play and turn a talent into a careerâ€"a very lucrative career if youre a standout in the industry.Graphic design can be a tough field to break into. The industry is flooded with graphic designers looking to make names for themselves and get a foot in the door. Standing out takes more than talent; it takes diligence, patience and an understanding of what graphic design is all about.Not only do designers use visual artistry to convey a message that inspires an idea or action, they do it in accordance with a clients specific goals. It takes time and effort to build expertise in a field that combines art theory, typography, programming, marketing and communications. And while theres no set path to success in graphic design, there are steps you can take to increase your chances of getting work and getting known. First, you should understand theres a lot y ou dont know about graphic design.1. Do the courseworkAccomplished designer Timothy Samara described the process of graphic design as seeing (and understanding) how the qualities of visual materialâ€"shapes, images, color theory, typography, and layoutâ€"work, and work together… and then being able to decide which qualities of each are relevant and engaging and useful for visualizing a particular idea or solving a certain problem.Graphic design combines a vast range of skill sets into one role. Successful graphic designers are masters of not only color, shape and typography but also a wide and ever-evolving range of software, programming languages like HTML and CSS, branding, marketing and client communication. Knowledge of animation, 3D and VR (virtual reality) concepts is becoming more common. Graphic designers who have at least a basic understanding of UI/UX (user-interface/user-experience) design principles are even more in demand.It can be difficult to assemble that body of k nowledge and skill on your own, so while structured learning isnt strictly necessary to succeed in the industry, it helps a lot.A formal design education could mean a comprehensive design program, typically a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree, or individual, well-chosen courses. Design programs cover topics like basic theory and fundamentals, digital-illustration technologies, programming languages, multimedia integration, multi-platform design techniques, branding, self-marketing and portfolio development, providing a well-rounded basis for a career in digital design. It may also offer opportunities for networking and real-world experience, invaluable assets for an aspiring designer (more on that later).Check out Animation Career Reviews list of the top 50 U.S. design programs in 2018 to get a feel for whats out there. But remember, guided coursework can form the basis of a career in graphic design. What it cant do is replace real-world experience.2. Social media: Know whats out thereSu ccessful graphic designers know what other graphic designers are creating. In the hierarchy of jobs requiring an of-the-minute mindset, graphic design is up there. Its a fast-paced industry that reflects and sets visual trends, and if you dont know whats getting attention right now, youre losing ground.Social media is a critical tool in the design field, and no less so if youre just starting out. Keeping up with todays noteworthy designs and designers can keep you versed on the latest trends, successes and failures in the industry. It can up your own game, too, suggesting tweaks or entirely new avenues of experimentation in your designs.Do a hashtag search or find one designer and see who[sic] theyre following, suggests digital-marketing expert Sawaram Suthar on Canva. [Y]oure sure to discover works and artist[s] that can inspire you.There are countless ways to keep track of the latest work in graphic design. Various experts mention Instagram, YouTube, Facebook, Pinterest, design bl ogs and portfolio sites as worth exploring. Lots of design sites have recommendations to get you started: Try Creative Bloqs 32 graphic designers to follow on Instagram, Creative Markets 10 Brilliant Graphic and Web Design Pinterest Boards, the Art Institutes 5 Famous Graphics Designers to Follow, Shillingtons 50 Best Design Blogs You Have to Read in 2018 and Adobes 20 Creatives to Watch in 2018.3. Join the communityFollowing great designers is just the beginning, though. If you really want to make it in the field, engage with them.[I]f youre looking to leverage your design skills, writes Suthar, you need to put yourself out there.Like most creative fields, graphic design thrives on the constant exchange of ideas, opinions and critiques. Networking is a key aspect of launching (and maintaining) a successful design career: Its a highly competitive industry, and when youre low on experience, getting your name out there and building a reputation can help open doors. Designer communitie s offer a way for you to interact with other designers, experienced and novice alike. They provide a forum for you to share your work and get feedback from other designers in the field. Your skills will undoubtedly benefit from posting your workâ€"and commenting on the work of othersâ€"on portfolio sites like Dribbble and Behance.Also, check out forums like Graphic Design Forum and Reddit Graphic Design. Follow some threads, join the discussion and ask questions. A lot of experienced designers will be happy to provide guidance and offer new avenues of experimentation that can help you solve a problem or develop your personal style.4. Dont be afraid to failGenerally speaking, get as much feedback on your work as you can. By all accounts, its essential to your development as a designer. Negative feedback can be the most valuable, according to Paula Scher, whose work includes the Citibank umbrella logo (which she reportedly designed on a napkin in five minutes) and the 2012 Windows 8 l ogo redesign.You have to fail in order to make the next discovery, she told Psychology in 2009. Its through mistakes that you actually can grow. You have to get bad before you can get good.One of the best things you can do as a new graphic designer is consistently share your work in places where youll receive honest feedback. In addition to Behance and Dribbble, Digital Arts Online recommends Adobe Portfolio, Wix, Fabrik and FolioLink as some of the top places to share design work. (Check out the complete list.)In lieu of a large portfolio, build a body of work on social media. Nothing compares to real-world experience, but it can reflect your skill level, range, commitment and following.5. Get real-world experienceStill, definitely be building that portfolio.Its not easy when youre just starting out. In graphic design as in most fields, without experience, its hard to land job, which makes it hard to build the experience you need to land jobs. But experience is everything. It shows what you can do in a real-world design setting, for clients.Internships are great experience-builders. Interns learn on the job, working with professional designers on client-driven projects. (Plus, the firm might hire you if they like your work.) But there are a lot more graphic designers than there are internships, so competition can be fierce. Design programs can be helpful here, as they often offer assistance securing an internship with a design firm during the course of study. You dont need to be in a program to apply, though. You can usually find ads for internships on job-search sites and the sites of the ad agencies and design studios offering them.There are other ways to gain experience, you just have to get creative. Maybe a relatives business website could use a redesign. Suthar suggests offering to design a friends wedding invitation or selling designs on Etsy. Creative Bloq offers an extensive list of online design marketplaces.Also, try volunteering your design skills . Organizations like schools, religious organizations and charities may be open to a new online look. A lot of nonprofits post ads requesting free graphic-design services on both volunteer- and job-search sites.According to Designrfix, you could even show spec work in your portfolio: Find a local company that could use a new logo or website, design it and present it to the owners or marketing team. Whether or not they like it, the experience with the organization will earn you credible work and enhance your portfolio.In conclusion, find clients. As many as you can.Graphic designer, blogger and podcaster Lauren Hooker put it this way: [T]heres no greater teacher than first-hand experience. You can study design, you can plan for the future, and you can seek wisdom from other experienced designers, but you cant gain an accurate picture of what this industry truly looks like until you jump in head-first.

Argumentative Essay Buy Nothing Day - 702 Words

Buy Nothing Day The first ever Buy Nothing Day was held in Canada on 1992. Buy Nothing Day was organized as a day where no goods would be purchased, and as a result of this boycott of goods it would raise awareness of the ethical and environmental implications of overconsumption. This is a great and innovative idea that gives publicity to a neglected issue, which is the implications of overconsumption. Nowadays people do not realize how much damage overconsumption actually does to our world. They fail to realize that their brand new Nike sneakers were made by child labor in a crammed sweatshop somewhere in Asia. They fail to realize how much pollution was released into the environment from mass production in factories, so that they could†¦show more content†¦It would also send a message to the consumers who over-consume. With the whole world united together against overconsumption people would stop and think before buying something that they did not need, thus ending another problem with overconsumption. Many people against Buy Nothing Day would argue that times are times are hard and having such a day would have a negative effect on an already crumbling economy, but such thoughts are illogical. If someone were going toShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper1578 Words   |  7 Pagesto keep my reader’s attention while still fixing the micro issues such as writing my sentences in a more organized manner. One sentence I struggled to write to make my intentions more clear was talking about my best friend’s car accident: â€Å" To this day, I do not know what caused the accident, but I have a strong feeling that the driver was distracted.† It did not occur to me when I originally wrote this sentence that I based a lot of my idea off of a hunch. In order to fix this, I wrote two new sentencesRead MorePersuasive Essay On School Uniforms1671 Words   |  7 Pagesstudent can exercise their right to express themselves freely. Student will be abl e to focus on education and save money too. By removing restriction on uniform of student can achieve good education and feel free of expressing themselves as uniform has nothing to do with their character. It is important because it gives freedom of right to student and eliminate the burden of buying extra dress to the parent. All school should stop forcing student to wear school uniform immediately. â€Æ' Introduction ThereRead MoreArgumentative Essay : Failing The Fathers1291 Words   |  6 PagesIsaac Salinas English 1A Mr. Gejeian July 7, 2015 Argumentative essay Failing Our Fathers This nation was founded on the belief that all men and women have the chance to achieve what they set out to accomplish. Our founding fathers fought for these beliefs yet they would turn in their graves if they could see how this nation has changed for the worse. Once a land where any humble underprivileged man or woman could earn a better life through perseverance and hard work has ceased to exist. IncreasinglyRead MoreEating Disorders and Free Essays8687 Words   |  35 Pagesï » ¿2 = 2 dfhnmxpd h Free Essays Home | Search Essays | FAQ | Guarantees | Privacy | Lost Essay? | Contact Search Results eating disorder Free Essays Unrated Essays Better Essays Stronger Essays Powerful Essays Term Papers Research Papers Search by keyword: Sort By: Your search returned over 400 essays for eating disorder. To narrow your search results, please add more search terms to your query. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [Next ] These results are sorted by most relevantRead MoreEssay Writing7014 Words   |  29 Pagesfor in narrative essay writing I am assuming that the student is able to construct basic sentence and grammar structure (past amp; present tense etc.). If the student is unable to do so, he/she is in no condition to attempt essay writing. Please sign the student for basic language/ grammar classes instead. There is a limit to how much advice I can offer via text. So I will just offer two key points. 1. ESSAY FLOW 2. CHARACTERS’ EMOTIONS / FEELINGS * 1. Essay Flow Essay flow means no breakRead MoreReflection Paper On The Street Vendors Are Hardworking And Dedicated Immigrants1773 Words   |  8 Pagesweeks ago our professor asked us to write an argumentative proposal where we had to support an idea and to find a counterargument towards it. Therefor I wanted to discuss how street vendors are hardworking and dedicated immigrants who learn through many experiences that help our country. Visiting La Tapachulteca made me realize that the articles that we read in class about immigrants having it really hard time is not always the case. For instance, in my essay I discussed how immigrants have to work inRead MoreHow Does A Middle Paragraph Differ From The Structure Of An Introductory Paragraph? Essay6292 Words   |  26 Pageswrite, longer paragraphs force the writer to think more, so that they will be able to cut out the parts that are unnecessary in the future. 4. In what way does the structure of a paragraph resemble the structure of a full essay? a. The structures of a paragraph and a full essay are similar because they both include a beginning, a middle, and an end. 5. What is the function of the first sentence in a paragraph? a. The first sentence in a paragraph is the topic sentence, which tells the reader aboutRead MoreKant And Aldo Leopold s Ethics Regarding Sustainability And Personal Obligation3383 Words   |  14 Pagesalways at the same time as end and never merely as a means† (Kant, 1785). Perpetuating unsustainable practices that are detrimental to the environment and future generations purely is immoral, especially if done purely for one’s self-interest. Present-day generations, for example, gain an overall benefit from burning fossil fuels, whereas future generations will suffer from it. Since we will not be alive when the environmental crises turn into disasters, we may not behave in an ecologically consciousRead MoreLiterature Has The Power Of Literature3178 Words   |  13 Pagestheir neighborhood. Even zealous individuals, who feel strongly about their religion or their views on racism and controversial issues such as abortion, marijuana, or LGBT rights, can be changed by one book. Prejudiced minds and racist hearts are nothing to the power of literature. Books and poems, short stories and plays have all changed lives. To some people, reading takes them to other places, places they could never afford to go to, nor have the chance to go. Books help them understand why someRead More Shakespeare in Contemporary Movies Essay4875 Words   |  20 PagesShakespeare by popular culture as fitting Barthes’ definition of a myth, a system of communication in which the object of the communication is not as important as the way in which the message is conveyed. Myth exists to be appropriated....[It] hides nothing: its function is to distort, not to make disappear. (119, 121). Injecting Shakespeare into movies involving the struggles of the disempowered ends up distorting the source of their oppression, making them personally responsible for their rise, or

The Discovery Of The Dna - 1088 Words

Scientist Who Co-Discovered the DNA Says Our Genes Were Brought Here by Aliens Francis Crick (8 June 1916 — 28 July 2004) was an English scientist who was most noted for being a co-discoverer of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953 alongside James D. Watson. Francis Crick Watson and Maurice Wilkins were jointly awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology for Medicine â€Å"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material.† He was clearly a brilliant scientist who unfortunately, like many other brilliant minds who came up with theories that challenged the accepted frameworks at the time, wasn’t given much ‘press.’ In his book published in 1982,†¦show more content†¦After all, theories like this aren’t just born out of nowhere and this gentleman won the Nobel Prize for the study of DNA. Thoughts like this should not be taken lightly and evidence should be examined to see if it’s a plausible hypothesis. Please keep in mind while reading this article that, although we’ve discovered much, we have yet to identify the biological functions of large portions of our DNA. There is so much mystery wrapped in what could possibly hold the answer to life itself and the origins of the human race. A few years ago, Chandra Wickramasinghe, the Director of the Buckingham Centre for Astrobiology at the University of Buckingham in the U.K., published a paper regarding their supposed findings of the first-ever evidence of extraterrestrial life found in a celestial body. At the time, Wickramasinghe pointed out to Huffington Post how, in 1962: â€Å"Hoyle and I pioneered the theory of carbon grains in space to replace the old ice grain theory. This was vehemently resisted by the astronomical community at the outset, but with the dawn of infrared spectroscopy, the ice grain theory gave way to the carbon dust theory. â€Å"Over a few years, after a great deal of model-fitting, we came to the conclusion that material similar to biomaterial fitted all the available data in astronomy. We considered the possibility that microbiology had a universal character, and no observations in astronomy or new information from biologyShow MoreRelatedThe Discoveries Of The Discovery Of Dna957 Words   |  4 PagesThe discovery of DNA is arguably one of the most important breakthroughs of genetics in the 19th and 20th centuries. Its discovery is littered with successes, failures, and even heartache. Numerous scientists are attributed to the discovery of DNA as a genetic material and even many more are also credited to the discovery of the molecule, structure, and function. Without the work of these remarkable scientists, the medical advancements over the last 50 years would not be possible. In 1865Read MoreThe Discovery Of Dna Testing1179 Words   |  5 Pagesspecialized tools and processes while utilizing new discoveries to aid understanding of the past. One significant advancement is the discovery of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA). The discovery of DNA has greatly enhanced our ability to analyze ancient remains and interpret the findings within the field of archeology. To fully demonstrate the impact that DNA has brought to the field of archeology it is important to understand the historical discovery of DNA and initial integration into the field of archeologyRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Structure Of Dna1089 Words   |  5 PagesRosalind Franklin and her Contribution to the Structure of DNA Specific Purpose: To enable the audience to reflect on how Rosalind Franklin contributed to the discovery of the structure of DNA. Introduction: I. Open with Impact: Could you having a significant role in one of the greatest scientific achievements of all time, but not getting credit for it? Not only that, but constantly putting yourself in harm’s way to make this discovery, and eventually dying because of it? II. Thesis Statement:Read MoreDiscoveries In Dna Essay1188 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment 2 06/06/2017 Discoveries in DNA, cell biology, evolution, biotechnology have been among the major achievements in biology over the past 200 years with accelerated discoveries and insights over the last 50 years. Consider the progress we have made in these areas of human knowledge. Present at least three of the discoveries you find to be most important and describe their significance to society, health, and the culture of modern life. DNA per medical dictionary is defined asRead MoreThe Discovery of DNA Essay723 Words   |  3 PagesDNA – the very molecule that defines who we are. It is still fascinating that a molecule that is so small that is not visible to the naked eye determines not just our physical appearance but also our mental wellbeing. Over 60 years, the discovery of the double helix DNA had impacted various fields relating to Biology and Chemistry, contributing to the advancement of technology and subsequently mankind too. The discovery of DNA had opened up many opportunities in the field of genetics. By analysisRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Dna Structure2092 Words   |  9 PagesOne of the most important things discovered and understood in biology within science, has been the discovery of the DNA structure. Where DNA is the abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid, though it is more known by nearly everyone simply as DNA. The idea behind DNA is that it is a self-replicating material that can be found in all living organisms, especially humans. The structure of DNA was solved in the year 1953, and was solved by four very important scientists who were; Francis Crick, RosalindRead MoreEssay On DNA Discoveries945 Words   |  4 PagesDiscoveries in DNA, cell biology, evolution, biotechnology have been among the major achievements in biology over the past 200 years with accelerated discoveries and insights over the last 50 years. Consider the progress we have made in these areas of human knowledge. Prese nt at least three of the discoveries you find to be most important and describe their significance to society, health, and the culture of modern life. DNA per medical dictionary is defined as A nucleic acid that carries the geneticRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Double Helix And Dna979 Words   |  4 PagesDNA is the central dogma of modern biology, it is present in all living things from bacteria to mammals. DNA carries the genetic information of the organism and is used in processes like mitosis, meiosis and protein production. The reason as to why I chose this topic specifically is because it is central to my favourite aspect of biology, genetics. Prior to the discover of the double helix and DNA itself there was some information and experiments done on genetics with what little knowledge theyRead MoreEssay on The Discovery Of The Structure Of DNA1526 Words   |  7 PagesJames Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA, but only by drawing on the work of many scientists who came before them. (Maddox, 2003) In 1944, Oswald T. Avery, Colin M. MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty published â€Å"Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types†, which was the first scientific work to identify DNA as the molecule that carried genetic information, and became a breakthrough at that time. (Avery, Macleod, McCarty, 1944) BeforeRead More Discovery of the Structure of DNA Essay2374 Words   |  10 PagesDiscovery of the Structure of DNA On the last day of February in 1953, according to James Watson, Francis Crick announced to the patrons of the Eagle Pub in Cambridge, â€Å"We have discovered the secret of life† (Watson 115, 1980). As Brian Hayes, the author of â€Å"The Invention of the Genetic Code† states, â€Å"If life ever had a secret, the double helix of DNA was surely it† (1). However, it was not the work of these two men alone that led to the discovery of the power the lies within the double helix

Descartes’ Dualism Free Essays

The concept of Dualism or the theory that there is a division between the mind and the body is not a novel one. It originated as early as the time of Plato and Aristotle. Rene Descartes’ concept of Dualism, otherwise known as Cartesian Dualism, is considered one of his greatest contributions in the history of philosophy. We will write a custom essay sample on Descartes’ Dualism or any similar topic only for you Order Now He was the first to argue that the mind is a non-material entity which is distinct and separate from the brain. He also identified the mind with concepts such as self-awareness and self-consciousness. It is widely regarded that the sharp division between the mind and the body is the most basic fact of our human existence. This essay will focus on Descartes’ concept of Dualism. The very foundations of his philosophy which led him to the theory of dualism will likewise be tackled. Concepts such as Cogito Ergo Sum will also be discussed since it serves as the foundation for Cartesian dualism. At the concluding part of this paper, I intend to state my position on Descartes’ Dualism Descartes’ Dualism In his work, Meditations, Descartes began his journey by clearing the mind of all the rubbish knowledge that had been handed down from generations to generations. He was aware that the ideas of his contemporaries were all shaped by biases and prejudices. He challenged himself to eliminate these prejudices so that he could arrive at the very foundations of knowledge. He also refused to accept the Aristotelian and Scholastic philosophy which had dominated the traditional philosophical thought throughout the Medieval Period. (â€Å"Rene Descartes†) He thought that if true knowledge is to be attained then we must start from the very foundation of our knowledge. He thus began his philosophy by doubting everything that he could not be certain. Descartes doubted everything around him. He doubted the existence of the physical universe and even his body. He thought that it is very much possible that he could be hallucinating about the existence of this physical world or his physical self. He even doubted his senses, to wit: â€Å"All that I have, up to this moment, accepted as possessed of the highest truth and certainty, I received either from or through the senses. I observed, however, that these sometimes misled us; and it is the part of prudence not to place absolute confidence in that by which we have even once been deceived. † He cautioned us not to trust everything that our senses tell us since they are deceiving. He even argued that there is a thin line that separates the walking state from the dreaming state – meaning, we cannot be actually certain whether as of the moment we are imagining or not. (Bryan Kidd) Descartes argued that on many occasions, he had actually thought that he was awake when in reality he was merely dreaming. It is possible, according to him that our whole life could be a dream. He also questioned the truths of logic and reason since it is possible that he could be deceived by a demon which has the power to make things appear to be logical. Despite all these skepticisms, Descartes argued that there is one thing that he could be certain of and that is he doubted. The mere fact that he was uncertain whether he is dreaming or awake manifests that he is in a state of doubt. If he doubted then this could only mean that he is thinking. Because he is thinking, then he is a thinking being. Thus â€Å"Cogito Ergo Sum† or â€Å"I think therefore I am. † This expression summarizes Descartes philosophy. Unlike his contemporaries who adopted the philosophical attitude of skepticism and began to doubt everything, Descartes believed that in reality it is not possible for us to doubt everything. But it is possible to arrive at true knowledge of certain things. Descartes proceeds to argue that he is sure that he has a mind that exists. Since he has a mind that thinks then it follows that the mind could exist separately from the body. He argues that he is sure that he has a mind but he still is not sure about the existence of his body since it is possible for him to be in a state of delusion still. It is possible for him to doubt that his body exists but it is not possible for him to doubt that his mind exists. He then concludes that he has a mind that is distinct from the body. He then proceeds to make a distinction between the mind and the body. The body is unconscious and is only an extension which takes up room in space while the mind which is conscious and does not take up room. The body is divisible and is subjected to the laws of physical science. The mind, on the other hand, is indivisible and is not subjected to the laws of physical science. We know that the body exists because we can perceive it. On the other hand, we know that the mind exists because of intuition. â€Å"The Argument for Mind/Body Dualism: Descartes†) Despite these differences, however, Descartes is assured after sufficient reflection that the body exists because God gave us sufficient senses of perception and the capacity to distinguish what is real from what is not. In Meditation VI, Descartes states that: â€Å" For there can be no doubt that God possesses the power of producing all the objects I am abl e distinctly to conceive, and I never considered anything impossible to him, unless when I experienced a contradiction in the attempt to conceive it aright. Further, the faculty of imagination which I possess, and of which I am conscious that I make use when I apply myself to the consideration of material things, is sufficient to persuade me of their existence. † The fundamental problem with dualism is how does the mind, which is non material and is not subjected to the laws of nature, interact with the body, which is material and is subjected to the laws of nature. It is a reality that the mind is able to influence and affect the body. The same is true with the body which can affect the mind. Descartes attempted this solve this problem in his letter to Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine, he explained that there is an organ that links the mind from the body which is the pineal gland, a small gland in the center of the brain. With the help of this gland, the mind can control the body by sending signals to the body which enables it to walk, run or sit. Descartes emphasized however that the end goal of man is for reason to get control of the body. Since the body is associated with passions and feelings it is important for the mind to take control so that it will be able to behave rationally and rise above the needs of the body. Comments on Descartes’ Philosophy Descartes’ flirtation with the Mind and Body problem is a thorny issue which is full of complications. This is because scientific evidence itself is against this view. They consider that that the mind and the body are only one thing. From the scientists’ point of view, what Descartes’ called as the activities in the mind which is caused by non-material processes is actually caused by the neurological and chemical reactions in the brain. Nevertheless, I fully argue with his concept of dualism. The mind is not simply a result of the chemical reactions in the brain. Consciousness and self-awareness are concepts that are beyond the capacity of the material body to comprehend. Also, I believe in the immortality of the human soul which is the theory that the soul continues to exist even after it is separated from the body. The dualism of Descartes sufficiently explains why the soul continues to exist after the person dies and why it is not affected by the processes in the body. On Descartes’ theory that it is difficult to determine whether one is awake or sound asleep, I find the same to be very objectionable. I believe that if a person is thinking, perceiving, feeling, drawing inferences and making conclusions then one can be certain that he is awake and that he is not dreaming. According to Descartes, on several occasions, he had actually thought that he was awake when in reality he was merely dreaming. I believe that it is erroneous for one to say that one cannot tell the difference between being in a state of dream and being awake. Indeed it is not possible to state that a person is awake when he is really asleep precisely because when one is reflecting or thinking then he is not asleep. It would not be possible for a person to think when he is sleeping or dreaming. When one feels something then it is not possible for him to be dreaming. Indeed, experiencing the sensations of pain and pleasure are manifestations that one is awake and is not dreaming. How to cite Descartes’ Dualism, Papers

McJournalism in the UAE

Introduction The media has emerged as one of the most powerful forces in modern day due to the huge influence it has over the society. It is able to affect people since the reports it provides inform individuals and help them to gain new perceptions on issues going on around them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on McJournalism in the UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A person’s opinion on various issues is coloured by the media since it provides the â€Å"backdrop against which we make sense of new conditions and information† (Gentz Kramer 2006, p.32). Journalists, who are the professionals charged with collecting information and reporting it to the public, are an integral part of the media. They act as societal â€Å"watchdogs†; always looking for newsworthy material and publicly critiquing any action that runs contrary to the ideals of the society. By doing this, they are able to accurate ly reflect the mood of the society and promote worthy causes for the betterment of the society. However, the last 2 decades have witnessed a significant shift in the manner in which journalists carry out their work. Over this period, journalism has become market driven with reports tending to be structured in such a manner as to appeal to the public often at the expense of the integrity that characterised traditional journalism. Franklin (2005) refers to this trend as McJournalism which is the emergence of a â€Å"highly standardised, packaged journalism† (p.2). In the United Arab Emirates, the government has a tight leash on the media which means that journalists cannot report as liberally as their western counterparts. This paper will set out to argue that while McJournalism in the UAE is still low, it is taking hold and might be expected to rise significantly in the near future. The paper will review the reasons behind the low level of McJournalism at present and provide a n analysis of how McJournalism is taking a hold in the UAE with relevant examples to reinforce this.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reasons for Low Levels of McJournalism As it currently stands, journalists in the UAE are discouraged from reporting on matters that may be too controversial. The media law which was promulgated by the National Media Council contains sections which impose fines on journalists who disseminated information that can be deemed to â€Å"disingenuous† on the country’s’ economy or any information that could tarnish the image of the UAE (Ibrahim Al-Abed et al. 2006). Journalists stand at the risk of being fined up to AED 500,000 for violating this clause and an even more outrageous penalty of 5 million is to be imposed on journalists who report on matters that are reproachful to a royal family member of officials of the UAE gover nment. Under such stringent conditions, journalists are unlikely to resort to the sensational reporting that characterises McJournalism. An important dimension to McDonalization is control which involves being in command of both workers and the consumers in the industry. Franklin (2005) states that control has led to the isolation of journalism making them individuals rather than team workers and they therefore have to produce news that the market will want to read or else face cuts since they have reduced bargaining power. Journalists in the UAE are not as exposed to this form of control due to government influence on media houses. The government’s media law requires media houses to make hefty security deposits which are to be used as collateral in case of any fine imposed if a journalist for the particular media house contravenes the law.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on McJournalism in the UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rugh (2004) declares that such security deposits acts as clear indications that the government has the media under its control and journalists have to operate in a restricted manner. Kadragic (2010) reveals that while articles are not censored by the government prior to publication, â€Å"everyone working from the editor-in-chief on down has a clear idea of what stories cannot be printed† (p.249). This self censorship arises from the fact that most of the English speaking journalists are expatriates who are in the UAE for economic reasons. Kadragic (2010) reveals that for this expatriates, publishing material that is critical of the government will lead to deportation which would be undesirable. The journalists therefore have to engage in self-censorship and ensure that their work is acceptable by the government. Mcjournalism has led to the media being obsessed with rating and circulation numbers which are indicators of commercial success. This trend h as been encouraged by the dimension of calculability where the ability to quantify news is emphasised on. McJournalism therefore promotes the aggressive following of stories that are likely to increase revenue for the media house. However, journalists in the UAE do not have the incentive to follow up on popular stories. For example, there was a tape which alleged torture carried out by a royal family member against an Afghan businessman. The tape which was aired by ABC News had a wide viewership on the international market.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While the story also sparked interest within the local population, there was little attempt by the UAE media houses to report on the issue since it involved a nephew of a Dubai ruler. Ginges and Pintak (2009) observe that only one daily newspaper based in Dubai, the National, ran the story and even then, the incident was fuzzy with little account of what really happened. The follow up report on the issue was even more blurred with mentions of an investigation being underway made and no indication of what was being investigated being given. The reason for this underreporting of a news story that would have appealed to the public was because of the repercussions that would have followed for any journalist who followed the story too closely (Ginges Pintak 2009). Finances play a major role in the operations of media houses. High efficiency is aimed at increasing production while reducing cost. Pure commercial considerations therefore guide the operations of most media houses in the wor ld which results in an adoption of the most effective formats of reporting and taking up sensational news that are bound to increase readership or readership. Some of UAE media is shielded from these financial considerations since they are either owned by the government or by rich individuals whose major motivation is not excessive profits from their media operations. Kadragic (2010) states that the Abu Dhabi government owns most of the important news installations in the region. Public service media workers are less inclined to engage in the kind of journalism that engenders McJournalism. They are unlikely to report on scandals that affect the government or members of the Royal Family. Evidence of McJournalism in the UAE One of the evident marks of McJournalism in the UAE is the introduction of â€Å"7 Days† which is a freely distributed newspaper that is characterised by short articles and eye-catching headlines. The paper is structured in a manner similar to the British Me tro which demonstrates the concept of standardisation based on the principles of efficiency and predictability since the British Metro newspaper has been a huge success especially in gathering advertisement revenues for its owners. The CEO of the paper, Mark Rix, confesses that the paper mimics the British Metro in that it provides entertaining material for the readers (The National, 2012). This newspaper is structured in such a manner that it attracts the readers â€Å"but not so appealing that (it) diverts readers away from the advertising content of the paper (Franklin 2005, p.5). This is significant considering the fact that 7 Days has as much advertisement as it has articles in any issue. An aspect of McJournalism is making news readily accessible to readers by offering it in â€Å"nuggets† which the consumer can easily consume. Accessibility has meant making use of big headlines with short words and making use of humour and big pictures (Aggarwal Gupta 2001). This asp ect is evident with the Gulfnews newspaper which issues news in a form that is accessible to its readers. In a report on unsafe transformers in Sharjah, the reporter puts the heading as â€Å"Shock in Sharjah over 11,000 volts† (Masudi, 2012). This clever word play is accompanied by a big picture of an exposed transformer. The story is not lengthy which means that the reader does not have to spend a lot of time to get the necessary information. McJournalism has also resulted in the â€Å"dumbing down† of news agenda due to a number of reasons. McNair (2009) reveals that quality news production is an expensive endeavour and in some instances it takes significant amounts of times to develop stories. Even then, there is no guarantee that the stories will be published or if they will be of interest to consumers. In contrast to this, human interest, consumer, and lifestyle coverage are not only cheap to come up with but they also guarantee readability. For this reason, medi a houses in the UAE like the Gulfnews are giving more space to such news as opposed to quality news. Franklin (2005) asserts that such a trend is in line with McJournalism were human interest story which translate to greater sales or views are given prevalence to other important stories which may not attract a wide readership or viewership. The second reason is increased competition in the market. Franklin (1999) states that the media agenda has been dictated by the increasingly competitive market under which journalists are obliged to operate. Editorial priorities therefore have to change with the need to entertain audiences and readers taking precedence over the need to inform them. Discussion In the current age, the ideal media, which reports news and stories that are of value to the public in an unbiased manner and without any vested interest, is non-existent. Instead, the media industry is driven by a number of factors most prominent of which are economics and politics. The UAE presents a unique environment for journalism since the media has to abide by strict government restrictions. Unlike in Western nations where statutory press regulations do not exist, the UAE has laws which not only limit what the press can report on but also forbids any defamation of the royal family and government officials. This heavy regulation has meant that media in the UAE cannot engage in McJournalism fully. However, the government is relaxing its hold on the media as a result of international pressure and criticism by the Non Governmental Organizations operating in the region. In an attempt to demonstrate its openness and dynamic nature, the government has relaxed some of its holds on the media. A decree in 2007 by Sheikh Mohammed who is a ruler in Dubai stated that no journalist could be jailed for performing their job. Ibrahim Al-Abed et al. (2006) observe that freedom from arbitrary incarceration greatly empowers journalists to take part in reports that are of interest t o the public in a list inhibited manner. It can be forecasted that in the near future, UAE readers and viewers will be subjected to a more uniform and predictable diet of news as journalism in the region becomes more McDolnadized. Conclusion This paper is set out to argue that while McJournalism in the UAE is currently low, it can be expected to rise in the near future as government regulations on media eases. The paper began by reviewing why McJournalism is not as prevalent in UAE as it is in many Western Nations. It then highlighted how this concept is taking root in UAE media and how some aspects of McJournalism are already evident in the UAE media. As government restrictions ease up and the media is allowed to report freely on topics of public interest, it can be projected that the UAE media will adopt a McJournalism culture which will be characterised by sensational reporting and issuing people with news material in a user-friendly manner with the hope of increasing viewership and readership. References Aggarwal, B Gupta, V 2001, Handbook of journalism and mass communication, Concept Publishing Company, New York. Franklin, B 1999, Social Policy, the Media and Misrepresentation, Routledge, Boston. Franklin, B 2005, â€Å"McJournalism: the local press and the McDonaldisation thesis† in S. Allan Journalism: Critical Issues, Open University Press, New York. Gentz, N Kramer, S 2006, Globalization, Cultural Identities, and Media Representations, SUNY Press, Canberra. Ginges, J Pintak, L 2009, â€Å"Inside the Arab Newsroom†, Journalism Studies, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 157-177. Ibrahim Al-Abed, et al., 2006, Chronicle of progress in mass communication journalism, Trident Press Ltd, Abu Dhabi. Kadragic, A 2010, Commentary: Media in the UAE: The Abu Dhabi powerhouse, Asia Pacific Media Educator, vol.20, no.1, pp. 247-252. Masudi, F 2012, 11,000-volt transformers left in open, unsecured in Sharjah. Web. McNair, B 2009, News and Journalism in the UK, Ta ylor Francis, London. Rugh, W 2004, Arab mass media: newspapers, radio, and television in Arab politics. Westport, Praeger Publishers, CT. The National 2012, 7DAYS plans websites catering to markets outside the UAE, https://www.thenational.ae/business/7days-plans-websites-catering-to-markets-outside-the-uae-1.364104. This essay on McJournalism in the UAE was written and submitted by user Keira Reid to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Get More RBG Color Values for Delphi

How to Get More RBG Color Values for Delphi In Delphi, the TColor type specifies the color of an object. It is used by the color property of many components and by other properties that specify color values. The Graphics unit contains definitions of useful constants for TColor. For example, clBlue maps to blue, clRed maps to red. More CL Values = More Colors You can specify TColor as a 4-byte hexadecimal number instead of using the constants defined in the Graphics unit. The low three bytes represent RGB (red, green, blue) color intensities for blue, green and red, respectively. Note the inversion from a typical hex color: For TColor, the sequence is blue-green-red. For example, red can be defined as TColor($0000FF). ConvertRBG to TColor If you have values for red, green and blue intensities (a number from 0 to 255 - byte type), heres how to get the TColor value: var   Ã‚   r,g,b : Byte;   Ã‚   color : TColor; begin   Ã‚   r : StrToInt(ledRed.Text) ;   Ã‚   g : StrToInt(ledGreen.Text) ;   Ã‚   b : StrToInt(ledBlue.Text) ;   Ã‚   color : RGB(r, g, b) ;   Ã‚   Shape1.Brush.Color : color; end; The ledRed, ledGreen and ledBlue are three edit controls used to specify the intensity of each color component. Shape1 is a TShape Delphi control. Delphi tips navigator: » How to Parse TAB Delimited Files in Delphi « IsDirectoryEmpty - Delphi function to Determine if a Directory is Empty (no files, no sub-folders)

15 Types of Documents

15 Types of Documents 15 Types of Documents 15 Types of Documents By Mark Nichol Many terms exist that distinguish one form of documentation from another. Here are some words for specific documents, with explanations of their functions as well as additional definitions of the terms. 1. Bond: an agreement made binding by a payment of money if the agreement is not honored; also, an adhesive, restraining, or uniting element, force, or object, or, as a verb, to create such an effect 2. Certificate: a document attesting that something is true or someone is qualified, or proving debt or ownership, or, as a verb, to certify 3. Charter: a written contract or instrument, or grant or guarantee, that defines conditions, privileges, or rights, or a lease of all or part of a vessel, or, as a verb, to confer such an agreement, or to offer for hire 4. Compact: an agreement (related but not identical to compact, meaning â€Å"dense†) 5. Constitution: a written instrument detailing a political or social entity’s rules and the rights of its citizens or members, the laws or principles of such an entity, or any custom or law; also, the composition or establishment of something 6. Contract: a document detailing an agreement, often enforceable by law, between people or parties, or the agreement itself, or, as a verb, to enter into an agreement; also, in criminal jargon, an arrangement to assassinate someone 7. Covenant: a document recording a formal binding agreement, or the agreement itself, or an action to remedy breach of such an agreement, or, as a verb, to make such an agreement 8. Diploma: usually refers to a record of a degree earned from an educational institution, although it also applies rarely in general to a document conferring an honor or privilege or to an official document 9. Guarantee: a written or stated agreement about possessing or using something or about the longevity or quality of a product, or the agent of such as agreement, or, as a verb, to provide such an agreement 10. Guaranty: synonymous with guarantee, but also an agreement to be responsible for payment of a debt or performance of a duty, or a pledge (see below), or, as a verb, to provide such an agreement 11. License: a document or other item that is evidence of the granting of a license, or the authority to engage in an activity, or assignment of some or all rights by a patent or copyright holder to another, or, as a verb to grant such a document; also, straying from artistic forms or standards and, generally, freedom or permission to act, or, specifically, irresponsibly or with disregard for standards (in the latter senses, also referred to as licentiousness) 12. Passport: a document authorizing the bearer to pass into and out of sovereign nations, or, as a verb to send or take items through a country; also, generally, authorization or permission to travel, or, figuratively, something that enables achievement of a goal 13. Pledge: a binding promise to do or not do something, or a contract for performance of an act or security of a debt, or the security itself, or, as a verb, to agree to such a promise or contract 14. Surety: synonymous with guarantee or pledge, or certainty, confidence, or the foundation of confidence or security 15. Warrant: a document assigning authority to do or act, or, as a verb, to assure, declare, or guarantee Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire YouGrammar Quiz #21: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive ClausesHow to Style Titles of Print and Online Publications

Working out Alternatives Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Working out Alternatives - Case Study Example In retrospect, FAR one of the players of Adventure racing faces the challenges of inadequate revenue and from the influence of competitors. The company’s management predicts the company will continue making losses (Holland and Jackie 248). This influence has an impact of the return on investment value of the organization (R.O.I) In analyzing the external environment of FAR various aspects influence organizational performance. First FAR sponsors act as the first influence to the organizational revenue collection. Sponsors have been important in adding value to the organization due to their financial contribution to Racing events. On the other hand, local governments as well as national governments have an implication on firm’s operation (Hoang and Frank 739). It also comes into perspective that environmentalist have an influence on the organization. Environmentalists have an influence on the choice of the routes for the races. Their sentiments ensure that racing events does not influence the environment negatively (Vahlne and Neil 24). On the hand, customers have an important role to play on the success of the firm. Customers purchase tickets to racing events adding value to the revenue of FAR. An analysis on the revenue of FAR, reveals that the organization provides tickets affordable to every individual. The company’s president Zietsma maintains a low-ticket cost of $1,400 and $4,200 per team. The first price represents a 36-hour race while the next price concentrates on extreme race events. In comparison to other events within the region, FAR rate ranks low. British Colombia races and other races rate at $2000 for the 36-hour race and $5000 to $9000 for extreme races. Other races have higher costs due to increased costs translating from hiring of vehicles, staff and in renting equipments. Other related expenses that make the firm unique to competitors are that it does not incur

Autonomous Vehicles and Software Architectures Essay

Autonomous Vehicles and Software Architectures - Essay Example Thus, this is a challenge since one cannot predict whether or not the system will fail. In addition, such vehicles are unreliable. For instance, when the control system is affected or rather fails completely, the vehicle cannot be operational. This is a challenge because it inconveniences the owner of the vehicle for he or she cannot use it for daily businesses. There is a difference between designing distributed architecture and non-distributed architecture since the distributed architecture tend to split the middle and presentation tiers logically and physically to perform in several servers whereas in non-distributed architecture, the middle tier and the presentation tier perform in one server. The following reasons explain why there is a difference in designing the two architectures: To start with, the distributed architecture permits distribution of the application elements across various physical servers whereas the non-distributed architecture permits the application to run in only one server and its elements are freely allocated. Secondly, the distributed architecture’s design is complex for web application since it affects performance of the remote calls. On the other hand, the non-distributed architecture’s design is the simplest in web applications since it has no effect on remote calls. Moreover, the distributed architecture is more expensive to design because more materials and procedures are involved in setting up several servers whereas the non-distributed architecture is less costly since it entails a number of stable and easy procedures in setting up a single server. Lastly, in the distributed architecture, the applications are difficult to test and debug for it is fully dependent on the container server. In non-distributed architecture, the application is easily developed, tested and

Transformation of the Tragedy in Oedipus, King Lear, and Desire Under The Elms :: comparison compare contrast essays

Transformation of the Tragedy in Oedipus Rex, King Lear, and Desire Under The Elms   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Over the course of time, many things tend to transform significantly. Such is the case of tragic literature and the cathartic effect it has on the reader, which has deteriorated a great deal from Sophocles' writing of the true tragedy, Oedipus Rex. King Lear exemplifies partial decomposition of catharsis, whereas Desire Under The Elms epitomises an almost total collapse of the cathartic effect. It is assumed that the lower the social status of the tragic hero, the weaker the ability of the 1990's audience to identify with the character's flaw. The term 'identify' refers to the ability to relate to the situation or idea. The lower social status of the protagonist in Desire Under The Elms allows a weaker level of reader identification than that experienced in King Lear or Oedipus Rex, which is made evident by examining stages two and three of catharsis.    The lower social status of the protagonist in Desire Under The Elms allows a lower level of reader identification than that experienced in King Lear or Oedipus Rex which is made evident by examining stage two of catharsis. The classic tragedy, Oedipus Rex tells the story of the King of Thebes, Oedipus, who foolishly tries to challenge fate and evade a prophecy which proclaimed that he would murder his father and marry his mother. When trying to free Thebes of a plague, he discovers that the prophecy had, in fact, come true and he did murder his father and marry his mother. According to Aristotle, there are three main elements in the second stage of catharsis (The Cathartic Moment) which include the tragic hero's point of greatest misery, the fall of shields which protected him from an ultimate truth about himself, as well as the hero's moment of enlightenment. The play Oedipus Rex displays the three elements of the cathartic moment almost perfectly. Oedipus' point of greatest misery occurs after he realizes that the prophecy had come true and he discovers that his wife, Jocosta has hung herself in her bridal-room after she finds that Oedipus was her son. A messenger tells the chorus of the incident in the following quote:    She died by her own hand....cried to her husband Laius in the grave, with mention of that seed whereby he sowed death for himself, and left her a son to get her fresh children, shamefully.

Emile Durkheim – Division of Labor

DIVISION OF LABOR IN SOCIETY The Division of Labor in Society by Emile Durkheim explains how in the modern societies the division of labor affects individuals and society contradicting Marx’s belief that the division of labor will all result to alienation. Durkheim argued that the division of labor is not necessarily â€Å"bad† for it â€Å"increases both the productive capacity and skill of the workman; it is the necessary condition for the intellectual and material development of societies; it is the source of civilization. More importantly, it creates a feeling of solidarity among the people. For Durkheim, the result of Division of Labor is positive for there is no need for competition in the sense of struggling just to survive but the division of labor may signify that there are sufficient material resources for all in the society, and in this division allows a certain form of cooperation and because people need each other this produces a solidarity in the society. *As we noted previously, Marx saw both alienation and class conflict as inevitable (or â€Å"normal†) in capitalist societies.By contrast, rather than seeing social conflict as a â€Å"normal† condition of capitalism, Durkheim maintained that anomie results only in â€Å"abnormal† conditions of overspecialization, when the rules of capitalism become too rigid and individuals are â€Å"forced† into a particular position in the division of labor. *Causes of Division of Labor: division of labor develops regularly as history proceeds. This fact certainly depends on causes that are likewise constant, causes that we shall investigate. † (p. 179). â€Å"THe increase in the DOL is therefore due to the fact that the social segments lose their individuality, that the partitions dividing them become more permeable. IN short, there occurs between them a coalescence that renders the social substance free to enter upon new combinations. † {p. 141} The key to the expansion of the DOL is the increase in social interaction, particularly functional differentiation. * This is what gives moral value to the division of labor. Through it, the individual becomes aware of his dependence upon society; from it come the forces which keep him in check and restrain him.In short, since the division of labor becomes the chief source of social solidarity, it becomes, at the same time, the foundation of the moral order. * Moreover, far from being trammeled by the progress of specialization, individual personality develops with the division of labor. To be a person is to be an autonomous source of action. Man acquires this quality only in so far as there is something in him which is his alone and which individualizes him, as he is something more than a simple incarnation of the generic type of his race and his group.The division of labor itself contributes to this enfranchisement, for individual natures, while specializing, become more complex, and by that are in part freed from collective action and hereditary influences which can only enforce themselves upon simple, general things. The most visible example of social solidarity that Durkheim mentioned was law. Law is the organization of social life in its most stable and precise form. The classification of law depends on the type of solidarity corresponds to it. The first type of law is the repressive law which imposes a fine or injury on the perpetrator.The second one is the restitutory laws which refer to restoring the previous relationship which have been disturbed from before the crime was committed. Repressive law tends to stay diffused througout the society, restitutory law works through more specialized bodies like in courts, magistrates and lawyers. *Despite the removed role of restitutory law from socirty, society still intervenes in restitutory sanctioning. The formation of a contract directly concerns the parties involved: nonetheless, id a contract has a binding forc e, it is a society which confers that force.If society does not give its blessing to the obligations that have been contracted, then these obligations are reduced to only moral promises. Hence the presence of society in restitutory law, although not necessarily felt, is nonetheless essential. negative control – regulations which make a person refrain from acting ex. do not help a farmere with his crop, simply prevent him from stealing his neighbor's positive control – regulations which make a person act ex. impose a certain method of farming upon a farmer. Mechanical Solidarity or solidarity by similarities, it is deeply rooted in everyone doing or feeling the same thing.It is the type of solidarity that is associated with repressive laws that corresponds to crimes resulting in repressive punishments. Durkheim pointed out in his book that how the repressive or penal rules demonstrates the strength of resistance of collective response to a crime. Thus it is now called c ollective consciousness which is the â€Å"totality of beliefs and sentiments common to average citizens of the same society forms a determinate system which has its own life. † Therefore, it is summarized as an act is only criminal if it offends the â€Å"strong, well-defined states of collective consciousness. *Mechanical solidarity is typified by feelings of likeness. Mechanical solidarity is rooted in everyone doing/feeling the same thing. Durkheim maintained that this type of solidarity is characteristic of small, traditional societies. In these â€Å"simple† societies, circumstances compel individuals to be generalists involved in the production and distribution of a variety of goods. Indeed, in small, traditional societies, specialization in one task to the exclusion of others is not possible because the society depends on each individual providing a host of contributions to the group.For instance, men, women, and children are often all needed to pick crops at harvest time, and all partake in the harvest-time celebrations as well. Durkheim argued that a significant social consequence of the shared work experience characteristic of traditional societies is a shared collective conscience. People in traditional societies tend to feel â€Å"one and the same,† and it is this feeling of â€Å"oneness† that is integral in the maintenance of social order. Yet, Durkheim saw that in large, complex societies, this type of solidarity was waning.In large, modern societies, labor is specialized; people do not necessarily all engage in the same work or share the same ideas and beliefs. *â€Å"Since the rules are inscribed upon everyone's consciousness, all are aware of them and feel they are founded upon right. † â€Å"Undoubtedly if an act is punished, it is because it is contrary to a mandatory rule, but this rule is not expressly spelt out. There can be only one reason for this: it is because the rule is known and accepted by ev erybody. † (p. 5) â€Å"we should not say that an act offends the common consciousness because it is criminal, but that it is criminal because it offend that consciousness. † (p. 42) [133] *What separates repressive law from civil law – law that simply restores previous order? First, recall that crimes are those things that affect the common consciousness: Thus, â€Å"†¦since the sentiments that crime offends within a single society are the most universally collective ones of all, since they represent especially powerful states of the common consciousness, they cannot possibly brook any opposition. †¦. e need a more violent form of satisfaction. † (p. 55) The kinds of offenses that give rise to repressive law assault transcendent values, â€Å"when we demand the repression of crime it is not because we are seeking a personal vengeance, but rather vengeance for something sacred which we vaguely feel is more or less outside and above us. † ( p. 56) At this point (right around p. 57 and 58), E. D. makes a subtle and important point. That punishing criminal activity reinforces the common consciousness. â€Å"Crime therefore draws honest consciousnesses together, concentrating them. † He provides an example.In a small town, everyone talks about the criminal scandal. Just like when horrible things happen in the news, we respond. By discussing the crime and punishment with people we know, we reinforce our opinion about the immorality of the action. â€Å"In short, since it is the common consciousness that is wounded, it must also be this that resists; consequently, resistance must be collective. † But why this resistance is organized remains to be explained. Historically, crimes were judged by the WHOLE people, then as society progressed, certain samples of people and judges took the place of the whole. bottom of p. 59) – the organization into courts is a division of labor response: the world got bigger, and needed more people to split up the work of policing the common consciousness. (Note, of course, that this is exactly the moment that greater individual variation in what, exactly, people have in common starts to magnify). â€Å"Thus, it is certainly the nature of the collective sentiments that accounts for punishment, and consequently for crime. † Organic Solidarity, on the other hand is characterized with the other type of law which is the restitutory law.Organic solidarity assumes that people are different from each other and they are interdependent with other forming a complex web of cooperative associations. Unlike the mechanical solidarity, the solidarity in this case is from each person cultivating individual differences and knowing that each one is doing something for the betterment of everyone. Moreover, Durkheim said that the organic solidarity arises only when the division of labor is spontaneous or voluntary. Because the division of labor is pushed too far the n it becomes dangerous for the individual for t may result to the isolation of in their special activity or skill. Thus making the division of labor a source of disintegration for the individuals and the society. *†Damages awarded have no penal character: they are simply a means of putting back the clock so as to restore the past, so far as possible, to its normal state. † (p. 69) †¢ Restitutory laws put the world back together — they restore what was before. †¢ Restitutory laws are not (usually) part of the collective common consciousness. Instead, they apply to very specific areas (corporate law, accounting law, housing law, contract law, etc. ) and, E. D. laims, a violation of such a law does not elicit the emotional need for expiation that a criminal offense does. â€Å"The idea that murder can be tolerates sets us up in arms, but we very readily accept that the law of inheritance might be modified, †¦. Since these prescriptions do not correspo nd to any feeling within us, an as generally we don no know their scientific justification, since this science does not yet exist, they have no deep roots in most of us. † [137] †¢ Since restitutory laws do not affect everyone, the solidarity that restitutory laws relate to cannot rest on a uniform similarity across everyone in the group. For Durkheim, organic solidarity refers to a type of solidarity in which each person is interdependent with others, forming a complex web of cooperative associations. In such situations, solidarity (or a feeling of â€Å"oneness†) comes not from each person believing/doing the same thing, but from each person cultivating individual differences and knowing that each is doing her part for the good of the whole. Thus, Durkheim argued that the increasing specialization and individuation so readily apparent in modern industrial societies does not necessarily result in a decline in social stability or cohesion.Rather, the growth in a so ciety’s density (the number of people living in a community) and consequent increasingly specialized division of labor can result in simply a different type of social cohesion. Abnormal Forms. (1) Anomic Division of Labor is cause by the lack of regulation or a weakened common morality that can occur in modern society. Usually surfaces when there are industrial or commercial crises or there are conflicts between capital and labor. Durkheim discusses conditions of the worker under capitalism and it somewhat very close to Marx’s description of lienation and exploitation. However, he says that situations like this are not in the normal form but is something resulting from an individual who does not have a sufficient vision of the whole process of production. (2) Forced Division of Labor is where the division of labor is not allowed to develop spontaneously and where some act to protect themselves and their positions. It is the consequence of a structural condition where t he distribution of social functions does not match to the distribution of natural talents. (3) Another Abnormal Form.Durkheim’s observation that the function of an organism can become more active only on the condition that they also become more continuous one organ can do more only if the other organs do more, and vice versa. When this continuity is missing then the functional activity of the specialized parts decreases, resulting in wasted effort and loss of productive capacity. Increased activity also results to a stronger bond of solidarity but when mismanagement arises, the activity of the worker is reduced, functions become discontinuous, and solidarity is destabilized.

Why Math Is Difficult - Math and Brain Types

In 2005, Gallup conducted a poll that asked students to name the school subject that they considered to be the most difficult. Not surprisingly, mathematics came out on top of the difficulty chart. So what is it about math that makes it difficult? Have you ever wondered? Dictionary.com defines the word difficult as: â€Å"...not easily or readily done; requiring much labor, skill, or planning to be performed successfully.† This definition gets to the crux of the problem when it comes to math, specifically the statement that a difficult task is one that is not â€Å"readily† done. The thing that makes math difficult for many students is that it takes patience and persistence. For many students, math is not something that comes intuitively or automatically - it takes plenty of  effort. It is a subject that sometimes requires students to devote lots and lots of time and energy. This means, for many, the problem has little to do with brainpower; it is mostly a matter of staying power. And since students dont make their own timelines when it comes to getting it, they can run out of time as the teacher moves on to the next topic. Math and Brain Types But there is also an element of brain-style in the big picture, according to many scientists. There will always be opposing views on any topic, and the process of human learning is subject to ongoing debate, just like any other topic. But many theorists believe that  people are wired with different math comprehension skills. According to some brain science scholars, logical, left-brain thinkers tend to understand things in  sequential bits, while  artistic, intuitive, right-brainers  are more global. They take in  a lot of information at one time and let it sink in.  So left-brain dominant students may grasp concepts quickly while right-brain dominant students don’t. To the right brain dominant student, that time-lapse can make them feel confused and behind. Math as a Cumulative Discipline Math know-how is cumulative, which means it works much like a stack of building blocks. You have to gain understanding in one area before you can effectively go on to â€Å"build upon† another area. Our first mathematical building blocks are established in primary school when we learn rules for addition and multiplication, and those first concepts comprise our foundation. The next building blocks come in middle school when students first learn about formulas and operations. This information has to sink in and become â€Å"firm† before students can move on to enlarge this framework of knowledge. The big problem starts to appear sometime between middle school and high school because students very often move on to a new grade or new subject before they’re really ready. Students who earn a â€Å"C† in middle school have absorbed and understood about half of what they should, but they move on anyway. They move on or are moved on, because They think a C is good enough.Parents don’t realize that moving on without a full understanding poses a big problem for high school and college.Teachers don’t have time and energy enough to ensure that every single student understands every single concept. So students move to the next level with a really shaky foundation. The outcome of any shaky foundation is that there will be a serious limitation when it comes to building and real potential for complete failure at some point. The lesson here? Any student who receives a C in a math class should review heavily to make sure to pick up concepts theyll need later. In fact, it  is smart to hire a tutor to help you review any time you find that youve struggled in a math class! Making Math Less Difficult We have established a few things when it comes to math and difficulty: Math seems difficult because it takes time and energy.Many people dont experience sufficient time to get math lessons, and they fall behind as the teacher moves on.Many move on to study more complex concepts with a shaky foundation.We often end up with a weak structure that is doomed to collapse at some point. Although this may sound like bad news, it is really good news. The fix is pretty easy if we’re patient enough! No matter where you are in your math studies, you can excel if you backtrack far enough to reinforce your foundation. You must fill in the holes with a deep understanding of the basic concepts you encountered in middle school math. If you’re in middle school right now, do not attempt to move on until you understand pre-algebra concepts fully. Get a tutor if necessary.If you’re in high school and struggling with math, download a middle school math syllabus or hire a tutor. Make sure you understand every single concept and activity that is covered in middle grades.If you’re in college, backtrack all the way to basic math and work forward. This won’t take as long as it sounds. You can work forward through years of math in a week or two. No matter where you start and where you struggle, you must make sure you acknowledge any weak spots in your foundation and fill the holes with practice and understanding!